Are we collaborative yet? A Usability Perspective on Mixnet Latency for Real-Time Applications
Authors: Killian Davitt (King's College London), Dan Ristea (UCL), Steven J. Murdoch (UCL)
Volume: 2026
Issue: 1
Pages: 567–582
DOI: https://doi.org/10.56553/popets-2026-0029
Abstract: Mixnet networks deliberately induce additional latency to communications to provide anonymity. Recent developments have allowed mixnets to reduce their latency from hours to seconds while maintaining the same level of anonymity. As a result, real-time communications are now possible on mixnets. There has been limited research on how users tolerate different levels of delay, and it is unclear what latency levels mixnet operators should choose. Previous studies about latency do not apply to these `mid-latency' mixnet scenarios. Our paper contributes the first measurement of users' tolerance to real-time applications under mixnet delay. We design a text-based collaborative quiz system to test user response to latency where participants complete a set of question tasks in collaboration with a simulated second user. Different levels of latency are added, analogous to a modern mixnet system. We show that average delay parameters of 1s and 4s maintain usability, a mean delay of 7s shows some difficulty and a mean delay of 10s is detrimental to user experience.Using these delay parameters, mixnet operators can ensure that most types of real-time communication applications are usable. Mixnets thus can balance usability and anonymity without compromising either.
Keywords: mixnet, anonymity, usability
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